Jan 18 2023

On January 17, six departments including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued guidance on promoting the development of the energy electronics industry. The opinion proposes to improve the supply capacity of solar photovoltaic and new energy storage batteries. Accelerate innovation breakthroughs in smart photovoltaics, develop high-purity silicon materials and large-size silicon wafer technologies, support the production of high-efficiency and low-cost crystalline silicon cells, and promote the R&D and application of advanced technologies such as N-type high-efficiency cells, flexible thin-film cells, perovskite and laminated cells , to enhance mass production capacity. Encourage the development of advanced and applicable smart photovoltaic modules, and develop key components such as smart inverters, controllers, combiner boxes, and tracking systems. Strengthen the technological breakthroughs in the industrialization of new energy storage batteries, and promote the large-scale application of advanced energy storage technologies and products. Research breakthroughs in key technologies such as ultra-long-life and high-safety battery systems, large-scale, large-capacity and high-efficiency energy storage, and mobile energy storage for vehicles, and accelerate the development of new types of batteries such as solid-state batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and hydrogen energy storage/fuel cells.   Put the promotion of new energy development in a more prominent position, actively and orderly develop light energy, silicon energy, hydrogen energy, and renewable energy, and promote the coordinated development of the upstream and downstream of the energy electronics industry chain and supply chain to form a dynamic and balanced benign industrial ecology. Guide the balanced development of solar photovoltaic, energy storage technology and products, and avoid overcapacity and vicious competition.   Explore the integration application path of photovoltaics and new energy vehicles. Promote the R&D and application of roof and wall photovoltaic systems, develop household photovoltaic storage ultra-micro power stations, and promote the integrated application of photovoltaics, energy storage batteries and building materials. Promote the composite development of photovoltaic power generation such as agriculture-solar complementarity and fishery-solar complementarity, encourage the exploration of new business models for photovoltaic agriculture, increase farmers' income, and support rural revitalization and common prosperity.   Adopt distributed energy storage, "photovoltaic + energy storage" and other models to promote the diversification of energy supply, and improve the application level of energy electronic products in new infrastructure fields such as 5G base stations and new energy vehicle charging piles.   The original text is as follows:   Guiding Opinions of Six Departments including the Ministry of Industr...

Jan 13 2023

Looking back at the overall photovoltaic market trend in 2022, there will be more twists and turns and tests. Behind this, the fierce competition in the price of the industrial chain, the continuous stream of cross-border photovoltaic companies, the unstoppable vertical integration of leading companies, and the accelerated iteration of N-type photovoltaic cell technology. In 2022, the photovoltaic industry will grow rapidly, making enterprises inside and outside the industry full of confidence in the development of photovoltaics. Zhong Baoshen, chairman of LONGi Green Energy, talked about the new changes in the photovoltaic industry this year, "Enterprises in the industry have expanded their production on a large scale. I believe that the opportunities brought about by growth today will also become opportunities tomorrow when the growth rate slows down." Risks in the future.” The leaders of many leading photovoltaic companies, including Zhong Baoshen, believe that the photovoltaic industry will continue to grow in 2023. From the data point of view, China's photovoltaic industry will make history in 2022: the newly installed capacity will break through a new high, and the output value of the entire industry will increase significantly. After years of accelerated running, a new round of knockout competition in the photovoltaic industry has begun. From 80GW to 100GW: The demand ceiling has not yet arrived. What is the scale of newly installed photovoltaic capacity in China in 2022? Although the official data has not yet been released, it is certain that this will be a record number. According to the data of the National Energy Administration, from January to November 2022, China's newly installed photovoltaic capacity is 65.71GW, which has exceeded the whole year of 2021. Combined with the information at the National Energy Work Conference in 2023: the new installed capacity of wind power and photovoltaics in 2022 is expected to exceed 120GW, which means that the new installed capacity of photovoltaics in the whole year will exceed 80GW.   As a typical cyclical industry, after experiencing the trough in 2018, the domestic photovoltaic industry has taken an accelerated pace since 2019. At the same time, the incremental structure is also undergoing subtle changes. In 2019, the ratio of new installed capacity of centralized photovoltaics to distributed photovoltaics is close to 6:4. But by the end of the first three quarters of 2022, this ratio structure has changed to 3:7. It is also predicted that in the whole year of 2022, the new installed capacity of distributed photovoltaic and centralized photovoltaic in my country will reach 51GW and 40GW respectively. For two consecutive years, distribution has become the main force driving the growth of photovoltaic demand. The visible increase in installed capacity means that in the past few years, my country's photovoltaic industry has no worries about demand. The increase in volume has also led ...

Jan 04 2023

On December 28, Sinopec officially released the "China Energy Outlook 2060" in Beijing. This is the first time that Sinopec publicly released the results related to the medium and long-term energy outlook. Research results show that China's primary energy consumption is expected to peak in 2030-2035, with a peak value of about 6.03 billion tons of standard coal, and drop to about 5.6 billion tons of standard coal in 2060. It is estimated that China's carbon emissions related to energy activities will peak before 2030 , after excluding the carbon sequestration part of raw material energy consumption, the peak value is about 9.9 billion tons, which will drop to 1.7 billion tons in 2060, and carbon neutrality will be achieved through CCUS and carbon sinks. The research results provide new ideas, new perspectives, and new methods for the scientific planning of the future development of my country's energy industry.     "China Energy Outlook 2060" pointed out that under the coordinated development scenario of China's energy transformation, the development of natural gas will experience a period of steady growth, a period of carbon peaking, a period of steady peaking and a period of steady decline. It is estimated that in 2025, the demand for natural gas will be 430 billion cubic meters, with an average annual growth rate of 5%; in 2030, the demand for natural gas will be 519 billion cubic meters, with an average annual growth rate of 4%; in 2040, the demand for natural gas will be 615.5 billion cubic meters, with an average annual growth rate of 1.7 %, natural gas consumption reaches its peak. After 2040, natural gas will be replaced by electricity and hydrogen. With the technological progress of photovoltaic power generation, the improvement of system efficiency, the reduction of cost, and the improvement of power grid consumption capacity, photovoltaic will go through the stage of accelerated deployment and the stage of comprehensive development. Around 2040, it will become the largest power source.     "China Energy Outlook 2060" is an important research achievement of Sinopec Research Institute of Economics and Technology. Starting from the analysis of the historical relationship between energy consumption and economic, social and industrial development, the book analyzes the historical laws of energy development and the key factors affecting energy transformation from four aspects: economic development, social evolution, technological progress, and policy guidance, and studies and judges the main influences. Based on the development trend of factors and the development process of energy transformation, the concept system of "energy balance triangle" is proposed, and based on the dynamic balance of energy triangle, looking forward to the path of my country's energy transformation, and constructing three energy transformations of security challenges, green urgency, and coordinated development development scenario. Based on model...

Dec 31 2022

Hefei Baufar Power Technique Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Hefei Baufar ) entered the household energy storage market by acquiring high-quality assets of a new energy storage company in Hangzhou in October 2022 , and its products will directly face overseas markets.     The Hangzhou New Energy Company is a wholly-owned limited liability company in China of a foreign listed company registered in 2014 with a registered capital of 100 million yuan. The company is mainly engaged in the R&D and manufacturing integration of battery packs, energy storage systems, high and low voltage complete sets of electrical equipment. Focus on the development of safe, reliable, stable and efficient energy storage systems, and at the same time carry out technical consultation, service and transfer in the field of energy storage technology. Key application areas for system products include electric vehicles and energy storage. The new energy company has a vigorous team of outstanding talents, most of whom come from domestic and foreign first-class universities and leading companies in the battery industry, with many years of relevant work experience and rich practical experience.   Through this acquisition of high-quality assets, Hefei Baufar has completed the zero start of the new household energy storage track, which will help the company to expand from the construction machinery supporting market to the overseas user market. It is reported that this acquisition is another major decision based on the wholly-owned acquisition of a local photovoltaic new energy company in Hefei in 2021.The Hefei Local Photovoltaic New Energy Company is the general contractor who implements the whole process of design, procurement and construction of Hefei Photovoltaic EPC engineering construction project. At present, the business of the photovoltaic company has been carried out smoothly.   Hefei Baufar's vision is to help people build a self-sufficient new energy ecosystem by offering high-quality renewable energy products. We look forward to the joint efforts of colleagues in the industry to strengthen the standard construction of household energy storage products, and help the development of energy storage industry and the improvement of product manufacturing level. Develop a new pattern of portable energy storage industry, collaborative innovation, win-win! Jointly help the transformation and reform of the electric power industry!

Dec 28 2022

The price of solar panel fell this week . Ground power station single crystal 166 double-sided 1.85 yuan /W , single crystal 182 double-sided 1.92 yuan /W , single crystal 210 double-sided 1.92 yuan /W ; distributed power station single crystal 166 single-sided 1.88 yuan /W , single crystal 182 single-sided 1.95 yuan /W , single crystal 210 1.95 yuan /W . On the supply side, silicon production capacity continues to be released. On the demand side, the European energy system is facing a severe winter test. Recently, natural gas and wholesale electricity prices have rebounded significantly, which will continue to promote photovoltaic demand. As silicon materials continue to fall, the demand for downstream installations will also accelerate, and the intensity of demand for grid-connected installations at the end of the year will still be high. In terms of installed capacity, according to the data of the Energy Bureau, the newly installed photovoltaic capacity in November was 7.47GW , a month-on-month increase of 35% and a year-on-year increase of 32% . In terms of production scheduling, the operating rate of modules in December was slightly lowered, and the transaction volume was also reduced. Businesses began to clear their warehouses near the end of the year. In terms of price, module prices began to loosen this week. At present, the pre-orders are still mainly executed. After the pre-orders are digested, the module quotations will continue to be adjusted. With the price reduction of batteries, there is still room for module profit. However, under the support of demand, the voice of module manufacturers will gradually increase, and the price will stabilize at around 1.7-1.8 yuan /W .     Silicon material/silicon wafer/battery   silicon material dropped this week . The average price of single crystal reinvestment is 277,100 yuan / ton, the average price of single crystal compact is 258,300 yuan / ton, and the average price of single crystal cauliflower is 242,200 yuan / ton. The price of silicon material continued to fall this week, but the transaction was still sluggish, and the purchase of downstream silicon wafers slowed down. Worried that the price will continue to fall, it is still mainly to digest inventory. As the inventory of silicon materials will continue to increase, the price will further decline, and it is expected that the inflection point will appear at an accelerated rate.   Wafer prices fell this week . The average price of single crystal 166 silicon wafers is 5.10 yuan / piece; the average price of single crystal 182 silicon wafers is 5.43 yuan / piece; the average price of single crystal 210 silicon wafers is 7.27 yuan / piece. This week, the price of silicon wafers showed a cliff-like decline, with a drop of nearly 20% for 182mm wafers, showing signs of a price war. At present, the silicon wafer end maintains an oversupply situation, and the risk of downstream procurement increases. According to data fro...

Dec 07 2022

On December 5th, the residential energy storage and inverter sector suffered a big adjustment after the opening of Chinese stocks today. On the news surface, an industry executive recently revealed in the communication that the residential energy storage shipment this year has been reduced from 100,000 sets to 60,000 sets. hybrid energy storage inverters will be reduced from 200,000 to 120,000, next year residential energy storage will be reduced from 500,000 to 300,000 to 350,000 sets, and energy storage inverters were cut to more than 700,000 units from 1 million. The Chinese company said that the reduction in shipment guidance was mainly due to the economic downturn in Europe and the shortage of installation workers. The market has also expressed concerns about the industry leader's lowered shipment expectations . In this regard, Goodwe Technologies stated that company has not adjusted the relevant production and  shipment expectations. A person from the securities department of Ginlong Technologies also said that the company (shipment) has not changed and everything is normal.   The market rumors amplified the expectation of a decline in demand for residential energy storage. After research by a large domestic securities company, it was pointed out that the market reported that overseas demand continued to be strong, and the current situation of customers urging goods is still obvious, and the supply of inverters and batteries is still in a tight state. Taking Germany as an example, the installed capacity of residential energy storage this year is about 400,000. Many companies predict that the demand for next year will be 800,000 to 1 million sets. Therefore, the development space of residential energy storage is still huge.   Since 2021, the European market has been affected by rising energy prices, the price of residential electricity has risen rapidly, and the economy of energy storage has been emerged, and the market is booming.  Looking back to 2022, the Russia-Ukraine conflict intensified energy anxiety, Driven by the sense of crisis, the demand for residential energy storage will continue to grow. Looking forward to 2023, the global energy transition is the general trend, and residential energy self-use is the main way. The global electricity price has entered a rising channel, the economy of residential energy storage has been realized, and the market space will continue to grow in the future.   Looking back to 2022: European energy crisis, rapid growth of residential energy storage   The vast majority of residential energy storage is used in conjunction with household distributed photovoltaics. In 2015, the annual newly installed capacity of residential energy storage in the world was only about 200MW. By 2020, the global new installed capacity will reach 1.2GW, a year-on-year increase of 30%.   In 2021, the European market will be affected...

Dec 07 2022

On December 5th, the residential energy storage and inverter sector suffered a big adjustment after the opening of Chinese stocks today. On the news surface, an industry executive recently revealed in the communication that the residential energy storage shipment this year has been reduced from 100,000 sets to 60,000 sets. hybrid energy storage inverters will be reduced from 200,000 to 120,000, next year residential energy storage will be reduced from 500,000 to 300,000 to 350,000 sets, and energy storage inverters were cut to more than 700,000 units from 1 million. The Chinese company said that the reduction in shipment guidance was mainly due to the economic downturn in Europe and the shortage of installation workers. The market has also expressed concerns about the industry leader's lowered shipment expectations . In this regard, Goodwe Technologies stated that company has not adjusted the relevant production and  shipment expectations. A person from the securities department of Ginlong Technologies also said that the company (shipment) has not changed and everything is normal.   The market rumors amplified the expectation of a decline in demand for residential energy storage. After research by a large domestic securities company, it was pointed out that the market reported that overseas demand continued to be strong, and the current situation of customers urging goods is still obvious, and the supply of inverters and batteries is still in a tight state. Taking Germany as an example, the installed capacity of residential energy storage this year is about 400,000. Many companies predict that the demand for next year will be 800,000 to 1 million sets. Therefore, the development space of residential energy storage is still huge.   Since 2021, the European market has been affected by rising energy prices, the price of residential electricity has risen rapidly, and the economy of energy storage has been emerged, and the market is booming.  Looking back to 2022, the Russia-Ukraine conflict intensified energy anxiety, Driven by the sense of crisis, the demand for residential energy storage will continue to grow. Looking forward to 2023, the global energy transition is the general trend, and residential energy self-use is the main way. The global electricity price has entered a rising channel, the economy of residential energy storage has been realized, and the market space will continue to grow in the future.   Looking back to 2022: European energy crisis, rapid growth of residential energy storage   The vast majority of residential energy storage is used in conjunction with household distributed photovoltaics. In 2015, the annual newly installed capacity of residential energy storage in the world was only about 200MW. By 2020, the global new installed capacity will reach 1.2GW, a year-on-year increase of 30%.   In 2021, the European market will be affected...

Nov 30 2022

  In the past two years, energy storage has been favored by various capitals. According to incomplete statistics, since the beginning of this year, hundreds of new energy storage-related companies have been established with a registered amount of 42.3 billion yuan, including 43 new energy storage technology service companies, 54 new battery companies and 7 new pumped storage companies were incorporated. Among the newly established energy storage companies from 2022 to the present , many central enterprises such as China Energy Group, State Power Investment Corporation, Datang Group, Huadian Group, China Energy Construction, Three Gorges Corporation, and State Grid have participated in the investment. On September 29 this year, Nanwang Energy Storage was established by the original Wenshan Power through a major asset reorganization and officially landed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. It is mainly engaged in pumped storage and new energy storage businesses. The specific situation is as follows: the demand is strong, and various capitals have increased their stakes . In order to achieve the goal of "30.60" carbon peak and carbon neutrality, China has gradually established a new power system based on new energy. As the core of the new energy industry, the development of energy storage technology and industry has also attracted much attention. With the gradual expansion of market demand and the continuous support of favorable policies, not only start-ups and listed companies invest in the layout, but also major private companies and central enterprises have stepped into the value blue ocean of energy storage. Among the newly established enterprises from 2022 to the present, many central enterprises such as China Energy Group, State Power Investment Corporation, Datang Group, Huadian Group, China Energy Construction, Three Gorges Corporation, and State Grid participated in the investment. According to incomplete statistics, since the beginning of this year, 43 new energy storage technology service companies have been registered and established, with a registered amount of 8.4 billion yuan. The era is far ahead, and the data of energy storage PCS shipments of Shangneng Electric and Kehua has grown rapidly.   On the other hand, various new technologies emerge one after another, jointly promoting the sustainable development of the large storage industry. High-voltage cascaded energy storage has significant advantages in large-capacity scenarios; fires frequently occur in energy storage power stations, and policies continue to emphasize energy storage safety; liquid cooling and perfluorohexanone solutions have attracted attention; new electrochemical energy The industrialization of energy storage, flow battery energy storage, and hydrogen storage continues to accelerate; new physical energy storage technologies emerge in an endless stream, and demonstration projects such as photothermal energy storage, gravity energy storage, compressed air ener...

Nov 22 2022

BAUFAR : LONGi Green Energy recently, according to the latest certification report of the Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin (ISFH) in Germany, the conversion efficiency of the silicon heterojunction cell independently developed by LONGi Green Energy reached 26.81%.     Martin Green, the "father of solar energy in the world" and a professor at the University of New South Wales, announced via video on November 19 that Longi Green Energy's cell efficiency of 26.81% is currently the highest record for the efficiency of silicon solar cells in the world, regardless of the technical route. This is the latest world record after five years since a Japanese company created a monocrystalline silicon cell efficiency record of 26.7% in 2017. It is also the first time in photovoltaic history that a Chinese solar technology company has set a world record for silicon cell efficiency. Zhang Yuzhuo, secretary of the party group of the China Association for Science and Technology, said that breaking the world record is a milestone in the development history of my country's photovoltaic industry. The confidence and determination to go to the forefront of the world in the field. This was unimaginable 10 years ago. From the embarrassing situation of "three heads outside" and being constrained by others, to firmly occupying the top spot in the world's photovoltaic industry and becoming a Chinese business card in the new era, China's photovoltaics took less than 10 years. Among them, China's photovoltaic industry has experienced several ups and downs, and a rule can be summed up, that is, technological innovation is the core driving force for the continuous advancement of China's photovoltaic industry. McKinsey’s comparison radar chart of core technologies between China and the United States shows that China’s photovoltaic industry technology is definitely ahead of the United States, leading the development direction of the global photovoltaic industry. From the production links of silicon wafers, batteries and modules, Chinese photovoltaic companies have been leading the technological trend of the global photovoltaic industry.     This time, Chinese photovoltaic companies have set the highest record for the efficiency of silicon solar cells in the world, which has undoubtedly once again consolidated the technical strength of China's photovoltaic industry, pushed the limit of human commercial application of solar energy to new heights, and enhanced the core competitiveness of China's photovoltaic industry . In addition, the core of the development of photovoltaic technology has always revolved around improving efficiency and reducing the cost of electricity. The world record for the conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells created this time also provides more room for reducing the cost of electricity. "With the same area, absorbing the same light, the more electricity that can be emitted, the better." Li Zhenguo, founder and...

Nov 16 2022

By the end of 2021, China's installed capacity of energy storage will reach 42.66 million kilowatts . Among them, the installed capacity of new energy storage was 6.268 million kilowatts , a year-on-year increase of 56.4%. The new energy storage development goals planned by the provinces total more than 60 million kilowatts, which is twice the goal of reaching 30 million kilowatts by 2025 proposed in the National Energy Administration's "Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Development of New Energy Storage Development". (China Electricity Council's "Research Report on the Operation of New Energy Distribution and Storage") According to BAUFAR's research, the average equivalent utilization coefficient of electrochemical energy storage projects is only 12.2%, and the distribution and storage coefficient of new energy is only 6.1% . Energy is 15.3%, grid energy storage is 14.8%, and user energy storage is 28.3%. Relatively speaking, the equivalent utilization coefficients of new energy distribution and storage in North China and Northwest China are higher than those in other regions.   It is reported that in October 2022, a total of 175 power storage projects (including planning, construction and operation) were announced in China, with a total scale of 51.44GW (gigawatts). Among them, there are 141 new energy storage projects with a total scale of 10.63GW/24.48GWh .   The data shows that the number of 100-megawatt-scale new energy storage projects in October increased by 12% from September . From the perspective of technology distribution, the new energy storage projects in October are still dominated by lithium-ion batteries, accounting for 91% of the power scale.   In terms of regional distribution, new energy storage projects (including planning, construction and operation) are mainly distributed in 27 places, with Guangxi, Gansu and Shanxi ranking the top three in terms of energy storage power scale . From the perspective of technology distribution, new energy storage projects in October are still dominated by lithium-ion batteries, with a scale of 9.66GW/19.84GWh, accounting for 91% of the power scale. In addition, long-term energy storage technologies such as compressed air energy storage and all-vanadium redox flow batteries also have several 100-megawatt-scale projects under planning.   From the perspective of application distribution, the grid-side energy storage scale is the largest , reaching 7.61GW/17.35GWh , and the power scale accounts for nearly 72%, all of which are independent energy storage applications; in the power supply side energy storage, continue to use new energy to configure energy storage Application-based, solar storage and wind storage basically each account for half; user-side energy storage is almost all industrial applications.   There are still many problems in new energy distribution and storage. BAUFAR understands that it is mainly reflected in the low utilization rate of new energy distr...

Nov 10 2022

At present, China is building a new energy system. The share of wind power, solar power and other new energy sources has been increasing. At the same time, the intermittency, randomness and volatility of these new energy sources put more and more pressure on the safe and stable operation of the power system, so it is urgent to accelerate the development of energy storage. Lithium battery energy storage is the fastest-growing technical route in the field of new energy storage in China.Its function in the power system is similar to a power bank, which can be charged or discharged according to the needs of the power system. At present, the construction of domestic wind power and photovoltaic bases directly drives the demand for lithium battery energy storage, the orders of related industries are growing rapidly, and the supply of products is in short supply.   The demand for energy storage in domestic new energy bases has doubled, and the supply of lithium battery energy storage products is in short supply   Yang Zhenhua, engineering director of a lithium battery energy storage system manufacturer in Beijing, said : At present, the upstream materials of LFP cells are in a state of tight supply balance, and the energy storage system is in short supply. The number of cells is more than 13,000. After assembly and commissioning, most of these newly produced lithium battery energy storage equipment will be shipped to wind power and photovoltaic bases as supporting energy storage facilities. When the power grid does not need it, excess wind power and photovoltaic power generation will be stored. Discharge during peak hours to improve the efficiency and stability of the power plant.   Yang Kun, executive vice chairman of the China Electricity Council , said : Lithium battery energy storage has the characteristics of fast response speed, flexible capacity configuration, less site constraints, and short construction period. It can effectively suppress the fluctuation of new energy output, and the response time is millisecond Yes, it can provide fast regulation services for the power system.   According to statistics, in the first three quarters of 2022, the installed capacity of new energy storage projects newly put into operation nationwide was 963.7 MW, a year-on-year increase of 120%, of which lithium-ion energy storage accounted for the vast majority. Zhang Jianhui, chairman of a lithium battery energy storage system manufacturer in Beijing: The number of orders and deliveries is about twice that of the same period last year. About half of them are from the energy storage systems supporting the wind and solar base, and about 40% are from independent shared energy storage. 10 % is the demand for energy storage on the user side. This year, the domestic industry scale is about 30 billion to 40 billion yuan.   European home energy storage market "blowout" domestic lithium battery companies speed up production expansion...

Nov 02 2022

China's energy storage industry has historically made industrial planning based on the rhythm and economy of cost reduction. If the proportion of photovoltaic wind power generation will reach the zero boundary of 25-30% in 2025 (only 7.5% in 2020), under the impact of intermittent energy on the grid, energy storage will become an inevitable choice to solve the problem of grid consumption, then In the face of the newly installed capacity of electrochemical energy storage of 1.87GW in China in 2021, the elasticity of demand growth is huge. The future of China's energy storage: market-oriented competition, multi-technical routes， the downstream of energy storage are power grids, power station operations, households, etc., which are different from automotive lithium batteries (long certification cycle and high consistency requirements) with high barriers to entry and high concentration. , it is difficult to appear an oligarchic pattern, and more is a competitive pattern centered on economic and cost advantages, more like the photovoltaic industry. Put it in the context of the industry to see the differences, evolution and future of technology routes. hydrogen energy industry chain is complex, including hydrogen production, storage and transportation, hydrogenation, stacks, etc. It is most like natural gas among the three major fossil energy sources. Although it is the cleanest, it is likely to be supplemented in the energy field in the future based on its transportation bottleneck. Not the protagonist; the application of hydrogen energy can be divided into bus, heavy truck, marine, and backup power sources with reference to Ballard's annual report . The simple way is to look for alternatives to diesel and fuel oil. It’s not much to stare at commercial vehicles, but looking at the consumption of diesel and gasoline, the former is larger. Can the ceiling of valuation be opened? In a longer period, in addition to energy applications, hydrogen energy is the emission reduction demand of a large number of industrial fields (especially chemical industry). sodium battery is likely to be faster than the market expects, mainly based on its theoretical cost advantage and the reuse of the lithium battery industry chain. Most of the production capacity from batteries to positive electrodes, negative electrodes, and separators can be used in general. This is similar to the photovoltaic field. The competition between single crystal and polycrystalline, and heterojunction are different, and the resistance of the mature industry chain is very small. Sodium battery will not subvert the competition pattern of lithium battery leader, it is more of an opportunity for the industry. We need to look for the difference between sodium battery and lithium battery on the material side, such as the process and cost difference between negative electrode and hard carbon/soft carbon, and several different routes. Cathode precursor performance and cost differences. liquid...